Research Articles Issue 1 · 2023 · pp. 9–19 · Issue page

CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REVISIONIST TENDENCIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION EXPRESSED THROUGH THE „SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION” IN UKRAINE

AD
1 University Lecturer PhD, “Constantin Brâncuși” University of Târgu Jiu
2 Scientific Research Assistant, PhD, “Constantin Brâncuși” University of Târgu Jiu
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Received 06 December 2022
Revised 18 February 2023
Accepted 05 March 2023
Available Online 15 March 2023
AIM: THE STUDY SOUGHT TO PRESENT THE NEW REVISIONIST TENDENCIES OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, MANIFESTED WITH THE START, ON FEBRUARY 24, 2022, OF THE “SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION” IN UKRAINE, WHICH AIMS TO RECONSIDER ITS POSITION IN THE INTERNATIONAL GEOPOLITICAL ARCHITECTURE. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: FOR THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE SUCCESS OF THE ACTIONS TAKEN IN UKRAINE - UNDER THE NARRATIVE OF “SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION”, “ANTI-TERRORIST OPERATION” OR “HOLY WAR” -, IS THE DETERMINING FACTOR FOR THE RE-EMPOWERMENT OF ITS ROLE AS A GREAT POWER AT THE GLOBAL LEVEL AND THE TRANSITION FROM A UNIPOLAR SYSTEM, LED BY THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA), TO A MULTIPOLAR ONE, WITH SEVERAL CENTERS OF POWER. PROPOSED OBJECTIVE: TO DEMONSTRATE THAT, FOR THE CURRENT REVISIONIST EXPRESSIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, THE MAIN INSTRUMENT USED IS MILITARY AGGRESSION IN THE FORM OF A WAR OF OCCUPATION, THROUGH WHICH THE INTEGRITY AND SOVEREIGNTY OF UKRAINE ARE THREATENED. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: THE RESEARCH IS BASED ON A THEORETICAL COMBINATION BETWEEN THE POWER TRANSITION THEORY REGARDING THE ISSUE OF REVISIONISM IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ON WAR. THE RESEARCH IS MAINLY FOCUSED ON THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE OPEN-SOURCE INFORMATION FOUND IN THE PUBLIC SPACE AT THE MOMENT OF FEBRUARY 01, 2023, FOR THE ACCURATE ANALYSIS OF THE ISSUE OF INTEREST, IN THE FORM OF A CASE STUDY DEALING WITH THE SUBJECT REPRESENTED BY THE ARMED CONFRONTATIONS IN UKRAINE, TRIGGERED LAST YEAR BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. CONCLUSIONS: BEYOND ANY NARRATIVE USED BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION TO DESCRIBE THE MILITARY CONFRONTATIONS ON THE TERRITORY OF UKRAINE, THEY CAN BE FRAMED IN TERMS OF A CLASSIC WAR OF TERRITORIAL OCCUPATION, WHICH CAN BE ANALYZED IN CONVENTIONAL TERMS, AS PART OF RUSSIA’S REVISIONIST ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE US-LED UNIPOLAR WORLD.
SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION WAR OF OCCUPATION ANTITERRORIST
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